英语介词详解

掌握介词的分类、用法与常见搭配

介词用来表示名词或代词与句中其他词之间的关系,如时间、地点、方式等

介词概述

什么是介词?

介词(Preposition)是一种用来表示名词或代词与句中其他词之间关系的词类,通常用于说明时间、地点、方向、方式、原因、目的等。

介词的主要特征
  • 不能单独作句子成分,必须和名词或代词等构成介词短语
  • 后面通常接名词、代词、动名词作宾语:in the room
  • 有些介词由两个或多个词组成,称为复合介词:because of, instead of
  • 同一个介词常具有多种含义,需根据上下文判断

介词的基本功能

1. 表示关系

介词最主要的功能是表示词与词之间的关系:

  • • 时间关系:We meet at 3 o'clock.
  • • 空间关系:The cat is on the table.
  • • 因果关系:He was late because of the rain.
  • • 方式关系:She goes to school by bike.
2. 构成介词短语

介词+宾语构成介词短语,在句中可作多种成分:

  • • 作定语:the book on the desk
  • • 作状语:She arrived in Beijing.
  • • 作表语:The meeting is at 9 a.m.
  • • 作宾语补足语:We consider him as our friend.

介词的分类

1. 时间介词 (Prepositions of Time)

表示时间的介词,用于说明动作发生的时间点、时间段或时间关系。

常用时间介词
  • at:用于具体时间点 at 8 o'clock, at noon, at night
  • in:用于较长时间段 in 2025, in March, in the morning
  • on:用于具体日期或星期 on Monday, on March 8th, on my birthday
  • for:表示持续一段时间 for three days, for a week
  • since:表示从过去某时到现在 since 2010, since last month
  • before, after, during before dinner, after school, during the holiday

2. 地点介词 (Prepositions of Place)

表示位置或地点的介词,用于说明人或事物所处的位置。

常用地点介词
  • in:表示在...里面 in the room, in the box, in China
  • on:表示在...上面 on the table, on the wall, on the street
  • at:表示在...地点 at the station, at school, at home
  • under, above, beside under the bed, above the shelf, beside the window
  • between, among between two trees, among the students

3. 方向介词 (Prepositions of Direction)

表示移动方向的介词,用于说明动作的方向或目的地。

常用方向介词
  • to:表示到...去 go to school, fly to Paris
  • towards:表示朝...方向 walk towards the park
  • into:表示进入...里面 jump into the water
  • out of:表示从...出来 come out of the house
  • up, down, along climb up the hill, walk down the street, go along the road

4. 其他类型介词

方式介词 (Prepositions of Manner)
  • • 表示动作的方式:by, with, in
  • travel by plane, write with a pen
原因介词 (Prepositions of Cause)
  • • 表示动作的原因:because of, due to, for
  • late because of the rain, famous for its beauty
复合介词 (Compound Prepositions)
  • • 由两个或多个词组成:in front of, instead of, in spite of
  • a tree in front of the house

介词的常见用法与搭配

1. 时间介词at, in, on的区别

at的用法
  • • 用于具体的时间点: at 9:30, at noon, at midnight
  • • 用于传统节日前: at Christmas, at New Year
  • • 用于固定短语中: at the moment, at the same time
in的用法
  • • 用于较长的时间段(年、月、季节、上午/下午/晚上): in 2025, in April, in spring, in the morning
  • • 用于一段时间之后: in a week, in three days
  • • 用于固定短语中: in the past, in the future
on的用法
  • • 用于具体日期: on May 5th, on my birthday
  • • 用于星期几: on Monday, on weekends
  • • 用于特定的上午/下午/晚上: on a cold morning, on the evening of June 1st

2. 地点介词at, in, on的区别

at的用法
  • • 用于较小的地点或具体位置: at the bus stop, at the door, at the corner
  • • 用于机构名称前(强调该机构的功能): at school (在上学), at hospital (在看病)
  • • 用于事件场合: at the party, at the meeting
in的用法
  • • 用于较大的地方(国家、城市等): in China, in Beijing, in Europe
  • • 用于封闭空间内部: in the room, in the box, in the car
  • • 用于机构名称前(强调在该场所内): in school (在学校里), in hospital (在医院里)
on的用法
  • • 用于物体表面: on the table, on the wall, on the floor
  • • 用于街道名称: on Main Street, on Park Road
  • • 用于交通工具(强调在上面): on the bus, on the plane, on the ship

3. 常见动词与介词搭配

与to搭配的动词
  • • belong to(属于)
  • • listen to(听)
  • • talk to(与...交谈)
  • • write to(给...写信)
  • • go to(去)
  • • come to(来)
与in搭配的动词
  • • believe in(相信)
  • • consist in(在于)
  • • engage in(从事)
  • • succeed in(成功)
  • • participate in(参与)
与with搭配的动词
  • • agree with(同意)
  • • deal with(处理)
  • • help with(帮助)
  • • compare with(比较)
  • • connect with(连接)
与for搭配的动词
  • • ask for(请求)
  • • look for(寻找)
  • • wait for(等待)
  • • prepare for(准备)
  • • pay for(支付)
与of搭配的动词
  • • think of(想起)
  • • approve of(赞成)
  • • consist of(由...组成)
  • • hear of(听说)
  • • accuse of(指控)
与from搭配的动词
  • • differ from(不同于)
  • • protect from(保护)
  • • suffer from(遭受)
  • • come from(来自)
  • • learn from(向...学习)

介词短语

1. 介词短语的构成与功能

介词短语由"介词+宾语"构成,宾语通常是名词、代词、动名词或名词性从句。

介词短语的构成
  • • 介词+名词:in the morning
  • • 介词+代词:with me
  • • 介词+动名词:after finishing homework
  • • 介词+名词性从句:about what he said
介词短语在句中的功能
  • • 作定语: The book on the desk is mine.
  • • 作状语: She works in a hospital.(地点状语)
  • • 作表语: The meeting is at 3 p.m.
  • • 作宾语补足语: We found him in the garden.

2. 常见介词短语

表示时间的介词短语
  • in advance(提前)
  • on time(准时)
  • at first(起初)
  • in the end(最后)
  • for the time being(暂时)
表示地点的介词短语
  • in front of(在...前面)
  • at the back of(在...后面)
  • on top of(在...顶部)
  • in the middle of(在...中间)
  • by the side of(在...旁边)
其他常用介词短语
  • in addition to(除...之外)
  • instead of(代替)
  • because of(因为)
  • in spite of(尽管)
  • according to(根据)

介词练习题(共20题)

1. 选择正确的时间介词

We will have a meeting ______ (at / on) 3 o'clock.

2. 选择正确的时间介词

She was born ______ (in / on) 1990.

3. 选择正确的时间介词

We usually go shopping ______ (in / on) Sundays.

4. 选择正确的地点介词

The cat is sleeping ______ (in / on) the sofa.

5. 选择正确的地点介词

There is a book ______ (in / on) the box.

6. 选择正确的地点介词

She works ______ (at / in) a hospital.

7. 选择正确的介词

He goes to school ______ (by / with) bike every day.

8. 选择正确的介词

I'm interested ______ (in / on) playing football.

9. 选择正确的介词

She is good ______ (at / in) playing the piano.

10. 选择正确的介词

He was late ______ (because / because of) the heavy rain.

11. 选择正确的介词

There is a bridge ______ (between / among) the two villages.

12. 选择正确的介词

We have been here ______ (for / since) three days.

13. 选择正确的介词

He has lived here ______ (for / since) 2010.

14. 选择正确的介词

She is looking forward ______ (to / for) meeting you.

15. 选择正确的介词

The book ______ (of / about) history is very interesting.

16. 选择正确的介词

He is afraid ______ (of / from) snakes.

17. 翻译句子(注意介词使用)

他在学校学习英语。

18. 翻译句子(注意介词使用)

我将在周一上午到达北京。

19. 选择正确的介词

______ (In spite of / Although) the rain, we went out.

20. 选择正确的介词

She is different ______ (from / than) her sister.