英语被动语态详解
掌握被动语态的构成、时态变化和实际应用场景
被动语态概述
什么是被动语态？
被动语态(Passive Voice)是英语中两种主要语态之一，与主动语态(Active Voice)相对应。
在被动语态中，句子的主语是动作的承受者（动作的对象），而不是动作的执行者。
主动语态 vs 被动语态
主动语态 (强调动作执行者)
She wrote the letter.
主语(执行者) + 谓语 + 宾语(承受者)
被动语态 (强调动作承受者)
The letter was written by her.
主语(承受者) + 被动谓语 + by + 执行者
被动语态的核心特点
-
强调动作的承受者
当动作的承受者比执行者更重要或更需要强调时使用
-
执行者不明确或不重要
当不知道谁是动作的执行者，或执行者对读者来说不重要时使用
-
结构特点
由"be动词 + 动词过去分词"构成，动作执行者通常由by引出
-
适用于特定文体
在科技文献、新闻报道、正式通知等文体中使用频繁
为什么使用被动语态？
强调动作的承受者
执行者未知或不重要
保持句子平衡
符合正式文体要求
被动语态的构成
基本结构
被动语态的基本结构由"be动词 + 动词的过去分词"构成，时态通过be动词的变化来体现。
主语(动作承受者) + be动词(相应时态) + 过去分词 + (by + 动作执行者)
关键组成部分
- be动词：根据时态、人称和数进行变化
- 过去分词：规则动词加-ed，不规则动词有特殊形式
- by短语：引出动作执行者，可省略
主动语态变被动语态的步骤
确定动作承受者
将主动句中的宾语(动作承受者)作为被动句的主语
改变动词形式
将主动句的谓语动词改为"be + 过去分词"形式，be动词的时态与主动句保持一致
处理动作执行者
将主动句的主语(动作执行者)用by引出，置于句末；如果不需要强调执行者，可以省略
保持时态一致
被动句中be动词的时态要与主动句中动词的时态保持一致
提示：只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词(如happen, appear, rise等)没有被动形式。
主动变被动示例
| 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
|---|---|
| They build a house. | A house is built by them. |
| She wrote a letter. | A letter was written by her. |
| He will finish the work. | The work will be finished by him. |
| We are eating dinner. | Dinner is being eaten by us. |
| They have completed the project. | The project has been completed by them. |
不同时态的被动语态
一般现在时
am/is/are + 过去分词
例句
- This book is written by him.
- English is spoken all over the world.
- These cars are made in Japan.
一般过去时
was/were + 过去分词
例句
- The letter was written yesterday.
- The windows were broken by the children.
- The meeting was held last week.
一般将来时
will be + 过去分词
am/is/are going to be + 过去分词
例句
- The work will be finished tomorrow.
- A new hospital is going to be built here.
- The problem will be solved soon.
现在进行时
am/is/are being + 过去分词
例句
- The house is being built now.
- The report is being written by her.
- The trees are being planted in the park.
过去进行时
was/were being + 过去分词
例句
- The bridge was being repaired last month.
- The letters were being typed when I came in.
- A new road was being built here last year.
现在完成时
has/have been + 过去分词
例句
- The work has been finished.
- The books have been borrowed by the students.
- This car has been repaired twice.
过去完成时
had been + 过去分词
例句
- The house had been built before 2010.
- The work had been completed when I arrived.
- The letters had been sent by noon.
将来完成时
will have been + 过去分词
例句
- The project will have been finished by next month.
- The new bridge will have been built by 2025.
- All the work will have been completed by Friday.
情态动词
情态动词 + be + 过去分词
例句
- This work must be finished today.
- The problem can be solved easily.
- This book should be read by everyone.
被动语态的用法
何时使用被动语态
强调动作的承受者
当动作的承受者比执行者更重要或需要突出强调时
The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
动作执行者不明确
当不知道谁是动作的执行者，或执行者难以说明时
The window was broken last night.
动作执行者不重要
当执行者对读者来说不重要或显而易见时
The new law was passed last month.
适用场景与注意事项
正式文体与学术写作
科技文献、学术论文、新闻报道等正式文体中常用
Experiments were conducted to test the theory.
避免说出执行者
有时为了委婉或避免责任而不提及执行者
Mistakes were made in the process.
使用被动语态的注意事项
- 不要过度使用被动语态，否则会使文章显得生硬和冗长
- 只有及物动词才能用于被动语态，不及物动词没有被动形式
- 被动语态中，by短语只在需要强调动作执行者时使用
被动语态练习题（共20题）
1. 将下列主动句改为被动句
She writes a letter.
答案：A letter is written by her.
解析：一般现在时的被动语态结构为"am/is/are + 过去分词"，此处主语是单数，用is written。
2. 将下列主动句改为被动句
They built a new school last year.
答案：A new school was built by them last year.
解析：一般过去时的被动语态结构为"was/were + 过去分词"，此处主语是单数，用was built。
3. 将下列主动句改为被动句
We will finish the work tomorrow.
答案：The work will be finished by us tomorrow.
解析：一般将来时的被动语态结构为"will be + 过去分词"，此处用will be finished。
4. 将下列主动句改为被动句
They are painting the house now.
答案：The house is being painted by them now.
解析：现在进行时的被动语态结构为"am/is/are being + 过去分词"，此处用is being painted。
5. 将下列主动句改为被动句
He has written three books.
答案：Three books have been written by him.
解析：现在完成时的被动语态结构为"has/have been + 过去分词"，此处主语是复数，用have been written。
6. 用括号内动词的适当形式填空（被动语态）
This song ______ (sing) by many people.
答案：is sung
解析：本句描述的是一般情况，用一般现在时的被动语态，主语是单数，所以用is sung。
7. 用括号内动词的适当形式填空（被动语态）
The meeting ______ (hold) yesterday afternoon.
答案：was held
解析：由yesterday afternoon可知，本句用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是单数，所以用was held。
8. 用括号内动词的适当形式填空（被动语态）
A new bridge ______ (build) over the river next year.
答案：will be built
解析：由next year可知，本句用一般将来时的被动语态，所以用will be built。
9. 用括号内动词的适当形式填空（被动语态）
The problem ______ (discuss) at the moment.
答案：is being discussed
解析：由at the moment可知，本句用现在进行时的被动语态，所以用is being discussed。
10. 用括号内动词的适当形式填空（被动语态）
All the tickets ______ (sell) out when we arrived.
答案：had been sold
解析：表示在过去某个动作(arrived)之前已经完成的被动动作，用过去完成时的被动语态。
11. 选择正确的被动语态形式
The book ______ (was written / wrote) by J.K. Rowling.
答案：was written
解析：本句需要用被动语态，一般过去时的被动语态结构为"was/were + 过去分词"，所以选择was written。
12. 选择正确的被动语态形式
The project ______ (has completed / has been completed) on time.
答案：has been completed
解析：本句需要用被动语态，现在完成时的被动语态结构为"has/have been + 过去分词"，所以选择has been completed。
13. 选择正确的被动语态形式
This work ______ (must finish / must be finished) by Friday.
答案：must be finished
解析：情态动词后的被动语态结构为"情态动词 + be + 过去分词"，所以选择must be finished。
14. 翻译句子（使用被动语态）
这部电影是去年拍摄的。
答案：This movie was filmed last year.
解析：本句需要用一般过去时的被动语态，结构为"was + 过去分词"，所以翻译为was filmed。
15. 翻译句子（使用被动语态）
这个问题正在被讨论。
答案：This problem is being discussed.
解析：本句需要用现在进行时的被动语态，结构为"is being + 过去分词"，所以翻译为is being discussed。
16. 翻译句子（使用被动语态）
这些规则必须被遵守。
答案：These rules must be followed.
解析：本句需要用情态动词must的被动语态，结构为"must be + 过去分词"，所以翻译为must be followed。
17. 指出句子使用的被动语态时态
The house has been built for two years.
答案：现在完成时被动语态
解析：句子结构为"has been + 过去分词"，这是现在完成时被动语态的典型结构。
18. 指出句子使用的被动语态时态
The report will be submitted by Friday.
答案：一般将来时被动语态
解析：句子结构为"will be + 过去分词"，这是一般将来时被动语态的典型结构。
19. 将下列被动句改为主动句
The cake was made by my mother.
答案：My mother made the cake.
解析：将被动句中的by短语中的动作执行者(my mother)作为主动句的主语，动词还原为过去式made。
20. 将下列被动句改为主动句
The homework must be finished before class.
答案：We must finish the homework before class.
解析：被动句中没有明确的动作执行者，改为主动句时需要补充适当的主语(如we)，动词还原为原形finish。