英语宾语从句详解
掌握宾语从句的构成、连接词用法和语序规则
宾语从句概述
什么是宾语从句?
宾语从句(Object Clause)是一种名词性从句,在复合句中充当宾语成分,通常位于及物动词、介词或某些形容词之后。
宾语从句本身具有完整的主谓结构,但不能独立成句,必须依赖主句而存在,用来表达一个完整的事实、疑问或愿望。
宾语从句的功能
宾语从句在句中代替一个名词的作用,回答"什么"的问题:
- 表示一个事实或陈述
- 表示一个疑问(包括一般疑问和特殊疑问)
- 表示一个建议、请求或愿望
宾语从句的位置与类型
1. 动词后的宾语从句
最常见的宾语从句位置,位于及物动词之后
She said that she was happy.
2. 介词后的宾语从句
位于介词之后,充当介词的宾语
We talked about what we would do next.
3. 形容词后的宾语从句
位于某些形容词之后,如sure, happy, afraid等
I am sure that he will come.
提示:宾语从句使我们能够将复杂信息融入一个句子中,表达更丰富的内容和思想。
宾语从句的结构
基本结构
宾语从句是复合句的一种,由主句和从句两部分构成,基本结构如下:
主句 + 连接词 + 宾语从句(陈述句语序)
主句 (Main Clause)
She told me ...
包含主语和谓语动词,是句子的主体部分
连接词 (Subordinator)
... that ...
连接主句和从句的词,如that, if, whether, what等
宾语从句 (Object Clause)
... she would come.
具有完整主谓结构,但必须用陈述句语序
语序规则
宾语从句最重要的规则之一是必须使用陈述句语序,即"主语在前,谓语在后",无论原句是陈述句还是疑问句。
1. 陈述句变宾语从句
原句
She is happy.
宾语从句
I know that she is happy.
2. 一般疑问句变宾语从句
原句
Is she happy?
宾语从句
I wonder if she is happy.
√ 用陈述句语序
× I wonder if is she happy.
3. 特殊疑问句变宾语从句
原句
Where does she live?
宾语从句
I know where she lives.
√ 用陈述句语序
× I know where does she live.
宾语从句结构示例
| 类型 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 动词后宾语从句 | He said that he would come. |
| 介词后宾语从句 | We talked about what we should do. |
| 形容词后宾语从句 | I'm sure that he is honest. |
| 一般疑问句作宾语 | She asked if we would help her. |
| 特殊疑问句作宾语 | Do you know when the meeting will start? |
宾语从句的连接词
宾语从句的连接词(subordinators)用于连接主句和从句,并表明从句的性质。根据从句的类型,连接词可分为以下几类:
that
适用情况:引导陈述句作宾语从句
特点:在口语中常可省略,不充当句子成分
例句
He said (that) he was busy.
I think (that) she is right.
if / whether
适用情况:引导一般疑问句作宾语从句
特点:表示"是否",不可省略,不充当句子成分
例句
I wonder if she will come.
He asked whether we had finished.
特殊疑问词
适用情况:引导特殊疑问句作宾语从句
包括:what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, how等
例句
Do you know where he lives?
Please tell me what you need.
连接词使用对比
| 连接词 | 功能 | 是否可省略 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| that | 引导陈述事实的从句 | 是(口语中) | She said (that) she was tired. |
| if | 引导表示"是否"的一般疑问句 | 否 | I don't know if he will come. |
| whether | 引导表示"是否"的一般疑问句 | 否 | He asked whether it was true. |
| what | 引导询问事物的特殊疑问句 | 否 | Do you know what he wants? |
| when | 引导询问时间的特殊疑问句 | 否 | Tell me when the party will start. |
宾语从句的时态规则与注意事项
时态一致规则
宾语从句的时态通常需要与主句的时态保持一致,主要遵循以下规则:
主句为现在时或将来时
从句可以根据实际情况使用任何时态
I know he lives here.(一般现在时)
She says she will come tomorrow.(一般将来时)
We think they have finished the work.(现在完成时)
主句为过去时
从句通常使用相应的过去时态
He said he lived here.(一般过去时)
She told me she would come tomorrow.(过去将来时)
They thought we had finished the work.(过去完成时)
客观真理或事实
即使主句为过去时,从句仍用一般现在时
The teacher said the earth goes around the sun.
He told us water boils at 100°C.
注意事项与常见错误
1. 语序错误
最常见的错误是在宾语从句中使用疑问句语序
× I don't know where does he live.
√ I don't know where he lives.
2. if与whether的区别
以下情况只能用whether,不能用if:
- • 与or not连用:I wonder whether he will come or not.
- • 作介词宾语:It depends on whether it rains.
- • 位于句首:Whether he will come is uncertain.
3. that的省略规则
that通常可以省略,但在以下情况应保留:
- • 当主句谓语动词后接多个宾语从句时,第一个that可省,其余应保留
- He said (that) he was tired and that he wanted to rest.
- • 当that从句是介词宾语时,that不能省略
- I'm thinking of that we should start early.
4. 否定转移
当主句动词为think, believe, suppose等时,否定常转移到主句
I don't think he is right.(而非 I think he is not right.)
We don't believe she will come.(而非 We believe she won't come.)
宾语从句练习题(共20题)
1. 用合适的连接词填空
She said ______ she would come tomorrow.
答案:that(可省略)
解析:宾语从句是陈述句,应使用that引导,在口语中that可以省略。句意为"她说她明天会来。"
2. 用合适的连接词填空
I don't know ______ he will come or not.
答案:whether
解析:与or not连用时,只能用whether,不能用if。句意为"我不知道他是否会来。"
3. 用合适的连接词填空
Do you know ______ they are talking about?
答案:what
解析:宾语从句是询问事物的特殊疑问句,应使用what引导。句意为"你知道他们在谈论什么吗?"
4. 用合适的连接词填空
He asked ______ we could help him.
答案:if 或 whether
解析:宾语从句是一般疑问句,应使用if或whether引导。句意为"他问我们是否能帮他。"
5. 选择正确的句子
A. I don't know where he lives.
B. I don't know where does he live.
答案:A
解析:宾语从句必须使用陈述句语序,即主语在前,谓语在后。选项B使用了疑问句语序,是错误的。
6. 选择正确的句子
A. She asked that what I wanted.
B. She asked what I wanted.
答案:B
解析:特殊疑问词what本身已经可以作为连接词,不需要再加上that。选项A多了多余的that,是错误的。
7. 将下列句子改为含宾语从句的复合句
He is a good student. We all know it.
答案:We all know (that) he is a good student.
解析:将陈述句作为宾语从句时,用that引导,that可以省略。注意保持陈述句语序。
8. 将下列句子改为含宾语从句的复合句
Will he come? I wonder.
答案:I wonder if/whether he will come.
解析:将一般疑问句作为宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,且要改为陈述句语序。
9. 将下列句子改为含宾语从句的复合句
Where did she go? Do you know?
答案:Do you know where she went?
解析:将特殊疑问句作为宾语从句时,保留特殊疑问词作为连接词,但要改为陈述句语序(主语在前,谓语在后)。
10. 选择正确的时态
He said that he ______ (will come / would come) tomorrow.
答案:would come
解析:主句谓语动词said是过去时,宾语从句应使用相应的过去时态,will come应改为would come。
11. 选择正确的时态
The teacher told us that the earth ______ (goes / went) around the sun.
答案:goes
解析:虽然主句是过去时,但宾语从句表达的是客观真理,仍用一般现在时。地球绕太阳转是客观事实,所以用goes。
12. 找出句子中的错误并改正
I think that he isn't right.
答案:I don't think that he is right.
解析:当主句动词为think时,否定应转移到主句,而不是在宾语从句中否定。这就是所谓的"否定转移"现象。
13. 找出句子中的错误并改正
She asked me that where I was going.
答案:She asked me where I was going.
解析:特殊疑问词where已经可以作为连接词,不需要再加上that,原句中的that是多余的,应删除。
14. 用合适的连接词填空
Can you tell me ______ the train will arrive?
答案:when
解析:宾语从句是询问时间的特殊疑问句,应使用when引导。句意为"你能告诉我火车什么时候到吗?"
15. 用合适的连接词填空
They are talking about ______ they should go there.
答案:whether
解析:在介词后引导宾语从句表示"是否"时,只能用whether,不能用if。句意为"他们在讨论是否应该去那里。"
16. 翻译句子(使用宾语从句)
我知道他为什么迟到了。
答案:I know why he was late.
解析:使用why引导宾语从句,注意宾语从句要用陈述句语序(主语he在前,谓语was在后)。
17. 翻译句子(使用宾语从句)
她问我是否见过那个男孩。
答案:She asked me if/whether I had seen that boy.
解析:主句是过去时(asked),宾语从句用过去完成时(had seen),保持时态一致;用if或whether引导表示"是否"。
18. 翻译句子(使用宾语从句)
老师告诉我们练习很重要。
答案:The teacher told us (that) practice is important.
解析:陈述句作宾语从句用that引导,that可以省略;"练习很重要"是客观事实,用一般现在时。
19. 翻译句子(使用宾语从句)
我不知道他明天是否会来。
答案:I don't know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
解析:主句是现在时,宾语从句可以用将来时;用if或whether引导表示"是否",宾语从句用陈述句语序。
20. 翻译句子(使用宾语从句)
他想知道我们是怎么解决这个问题的。
答案:He wants to know how we solved the problem.
解析:使用how引导宾语从句,表示"如何、怎样";主句是现在时,从句根据实际情况用过去时;注意用陈述句语序。